11 [-21]. The cover featuring an illustration from Le Petit Journal, 1913. As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built, U.S.S. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. How does the "Prelude to the Scramble" (Visual Source 18.1) differ from "From the Cape to Cairo" (Visual Source 18.3)?, 2. If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons(San Francisco: TBoli Pub. Co., Puck Bldg. China in Convulsion. And Peace Shall Rule. Udo Keppler,Puck, May 3, 1899. The graphics include pillage, rape, and wanton executions. Gambone, Robert L.Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of GeorgeBenjamin Luks(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009). Contemporary conflicts are spelled out over dark clouds. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. Scene The Congo Free State; artist: Linley Sambourne. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. You will probably need to use the links or conduct additional research to find the information to answer these questions. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. Keppler, U. J. The two allies had been embroiled in lengthy wars with costly and devastating effects on the populations in Africa and Asia. The archetypal dominance of Civilization over Barbarism is conveyed in a 1902 Puck graphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. Ewart S. Grogan and Arthur H. Sharp. Some of the poorest provinces in the north were further stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought. Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. Every week on Mon, Wed, until Dec 13, 2021, 33 occurrence(s), Join Zoom Meeting In an unprecedented alliance, the second expeditionary force was comprised of (from largest troop size to smallest) Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Dr Natheem Jacobs was stabbed at his home in Garlandale, Athlone. ***, Topic: History 125 Virtual Edition The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling). Victor Gillam,Judge, April 1, 1899. Mott, Frank Luther. What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. [Read Online]. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. . Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! Translated from Russian. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside "Major Grogan's Moves," EAS (15 November 1919), 7. The following year, Life cartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. [1] [2] The project was never completed. in: Puck, v. 52, no. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned "The White Man's Burden," the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britain's John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque . ***Appointments are virtual, but we can schedule in-person if needed. The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. As the Heathen See Us A Meeting of the Chinese Foreign Missions Society. John S. Pughe,Puck, November 21, 1900. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. Lifes black-and-white January 4, 1900 cover welcomed the new millennium by illustrating The Anglo-Saxon Christmas 1899. John Bull and Uncle Sam are positioned within a holiday wreath, machine guns pointing out in both directions. Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of progress must be cut', cartoon depicting British colonialism as a civilising force - 1902 . In his right hand Rhodes holds a pith helmet with a rifle slung around his right shoulder. Beginning in 1896, the British carried out military expeditions in Sudan in order to reassert control over the Upper Nile region. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900. Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. 2 vols. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in the New York Times on July 30: Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. Vol 172 (February 1901). History of Animation in Egypt. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). II. [Read Online]. record ("About This Item") with your request. In Pucks October 19, 1898 cover, Civilization holds China by his queue, labeled Worn Out Traditions, ready to cut it off with the shears of 19th Century Progress. The helpless mandarin tries to run away. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. The influx of cheap Western goods eroded generations-long trading patterns, while telegraph and railroad lines were constructed in violation of superstitions, eliciting deep resentment among Chinese. John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. Written over the battle clouds on the right, the Spanish-American War would have inspired the depiction of Columbia as an emerging military power. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside https://gmu.zoom.us/j/92187991244, Please download and import the following iCalendar (.ics) files to your calendar system. 12/29/2010, Contact Information | Rights & Permissions, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the The Laureate of Empire.Raritan: A Quarterly Review. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. in: Puck, v. 52, no. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing Harpers Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. In this blatantly racist rendering, Americas newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empires load. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. United We Stand for Civilization and Peace: the Anglo-Saxon Globe. In his hand, he holds a telegraph wire, which he wanted to build along with the . Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. Although applicable for all exam boards the. Misery Loves Company;but they hope soon to be out of it. Louis Dalrymple, Puck, March 20, 1901. This special issue illustrated by Thophile Steinlen comprises a particularly gruesome mural depicting the bloodshed of contemporary colonial wars in Turkey, China, and Africa. The full sardonic irony of the rendering, however, resides in the dead occupants of the graves. 5 vols. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog Location: Innovation Hall, 330 and online (see info below). Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. The weekly magazine Judge, a rival to Puck that was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. Terms of Use In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. Photograph. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July 1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops Stortford, England. , 1902. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. For guidance about compiling full citations consult color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. Co., Puck Bldg. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. Pages. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints Backed by the formidable Royal Navy, Britain could maintain a policy of splendid isolation independent of European alliances for much of the century. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. The First Traverse of Africa From South to North. Kepplers cartoon reinforces what we have observed in Sam Keens commentary from Faces of the Enemy, that the theme of civilization versus barbarism is a recurring negative stereotype deployed in the dehumanization of a perceived hostile Other. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. economics. 730-735 (2008). In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of the Life cartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. John Bull Good 'evins! From the Cape to Cairo. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. Source:Wikimedia. Mans Burden, emphasized its hypocrisy. In this activity, you will first analyze political cartoons about imperialism, and then create your own anti-imperialist cartoon. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. China, shown gripping a schoolbook in the doorway, has not yet entered the scene. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. All of the hastily organized camps, for whites and blacks alike, had inadequate accommodations, wretched sanitation, and unreliable food supplies, leading to tens of thousands of deaths from disease and starvation. The addition of an exclamation point in the caption, The White (!) On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. The conspicuously larger size of Britannias big guns in Pucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). China peeps over the wall. Photograph. Translated from Russian. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. Udo Keppler, a Puck cartoonist who was still in his twenties at the time, was more benign in his rendering of the great rapprochement. That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines.
