Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes. Hg G also occurs at frequencies ranging from 5 to 15% in both the rest of Near/Middle East and southern European countries (especially Italy and Greece), with a decreasing frequency gradient towards the Balkans and northern Europe. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). Spallanzani, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Viola Grugni,Vincenza Battaglia,Carmela Nici,Francesca Crobu,Sena Karachanak,Baharak Hooshiar Kashani&Ornella Semino, Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy, Centro Interdipartimentale Studi di Genere, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Unit Mixte de Recherche 6578, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Etablissement Franais du Sang, Biocultural Anthropology, Medical Faculty, Universit de la Mditerrane, Marseille, France, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Its age is between 7,700 and . This is achieved by comparing the haplotypes through the STR markers. Ashkenazi Jewish G2a1a men with northeastern European ancestry form a distinct cluster based on STR marker values. SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. SR thanks the Estonian Science Foundation for grant 7445 and M Metspalu for grant 8973. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17548. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Nat Commun 2012; 3. de Knijff P, Kayser M, Caglia A et al. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. Google Scholar. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 15261543. [26][27] Among the Druze mostly residents of Israel 10% were found to be haplogroup G.[28], Around 10% of Jewish males are Haplogroup G.[citation needed], In Africa, haplogroup G is rarely found in sub-Saharan Africa or south of the horn of Africa among native populations. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. The geographic origins of a Y chromosome haplogroup for males can be deciphered from the phylogenetic tree of mankind, or the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG, 2016 ). [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. Whatever the date or specific place of origin, part of the G family put down roots predominantly in the area south and east of the Caucasus mountains. Distribution. Thank you for visiting nature.com. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. G2a2b1 so far has seldom surfaced in northern Africa or southern Asia, but represents a small percentage of the G population in the Caucasus Mountains region and in Iran. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA. Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 SNP mutation which characterizes this group. Y-STR haplotypes were used to construct phylogenetic networks for haplogroups G-P303, G-P16 and G-M377, using the program Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering, Suffolk, England, UK) and applying the median-joining algorithm. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. P287 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known in late 2007. Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 12751282 (2012). Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. The highest reported concentration of G1 and its subclades in a single country is in Iran, with next most frequent concentrations in neighboring countries to the west. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20232. [43] L240 was identified in 2009. King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. The coalescence age estimate of 9400 years for P16 coincides with the early Holocene (Supplementary Table S4). . Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases. Here we address this issue with a phylogeographic overview of the distribution of informative G sub-clades from South/Mediterranean Europe, Near/Middle East, the Caucasus and Central/South Asia. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. (Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. See more. Taken as a collective group, P303-derived chromosomes are the most widespread of all hg G lineages (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 2b) and clearly display differential geographic partitioning between L497 (Figure 2c) and U1 (xM527) (Figure 2d). RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. . In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. It has an extremely low frequency in modern populations, except (i) Iran and its western neighbors, and (ii) a region straddling south Central Siberia (Russia) and northern Kazakhstan. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. For this are several indications. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 141149. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. The new phylogenetic and phylogeographic information provides additional insights into the demographic history and migratory events in Eurasia involving hg G. The present study comprises data from 98 populations totaling 17577 individuals, of which 1472 were members of hg G. The haplogroup frequency data are presented in Supplementary Table S1. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. PubMedGoogle Scholar. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the . [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R et al. Finally, to the east, G2a3a-M406 has an expansion time of 8800 years ago in Iran, a time horizon that corresponds to the first Neolithic settlements of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. Haplogroup G is observed in this survey as G1-M285 and G2a-P15. The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. CAS The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). Cinnioglu C, King R, Kivisild T et al. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Distribution. Age K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. ), Ancient G-M201s with sequencing[self-published source?] The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Internet Explorer). Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. [23] About 6% of the samples from Sri Lanka and Malaysia were reported as haplogroup G, but none were found in the other coastal lands of the Indian Ocean or Pacific Ocean in Asia. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. It is provided at the request of readers. Digora, North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.[14] Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Men from the Caucasus and men from eastern Europe also form distinctive STR clusters. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. The Caucasus are today mainly the countries of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and southwestern Russia. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al.
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